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The hdparm stands for Hard Disk Parameter. It's a Linux command line utility used for handling hard disk devices. You can also use hdparm command to set parameters such as power management, sleep mode, drive caches, Direct Memory Access settings, etc. For instance, in order to display information of the hard disk, run the following command.

It is essential that your Linux system runs at an optimal level. A few simple terminal commands provide access to all relevant information and help you monitor memory statistics.

In this tutorial, learn five powerful commands to check memory usage in Linux.

We also provide detailed explanations of what they do and more importantly, how to interpret the results. The commands will work with nearly all Linux distributions. In this instance, the commands and the results are presented using Ubuntu 18.04

Access to a command line / terminal
User with sudo privileges
The apt package manager

Entering cat /proc/meminfo in your terminal opens the /proc/meminfo file.

This is a virtual file that reports the amount of available and used memory. It contains real-time information about the system’s memory usage as well as the buffers and shared memory used by the kernel. The output might differ slightly based on the architecture and operating system in question.

This is an example of what the /proc/meminfo file looks like in Ubuntu 18.04:

The terminal displays the information in kilobytes.

free Command to Display the Amount of Physical and Swap Memory

Typing freein your command terminal provides the following result:

The data represents the used/available memory and the swap memory figures in kilobytes.

total	Total installed memory
used	Memory currently in use by running processes (used= total – free – buff/cache)
free	Unused memory (free= total – used – buff/cache)
shared	Memory shared by multiple processes
buffers	Memory reserved by the OS to allocate as buffers when process need them
cached	Recently used files stored in RAM
buff/cache	Buffers + Cache
available	Estimation of how much memory is available for starting new applications, without swapping.

Compared to the /proc/meminfo file, the free command provides less information. However, it is easier to understand. The key figure being the available value as it displays how much memory is still available for running new applications.

The free command has multiple options to format the output so that it better matches your requirements. The table below lists the most useful variations of the free command.

Options	Result
-b	output in bytes
– k	output in kilobytes
– m	output in megabytes
– g	output in gigabytes
– l	detailed low and high memory statistics
– o	old format (no -/+buffers/cache line)
– t	total for RAM + swap
– s	update every [delay] seconds
– c	update [count] times

Note: As with most commands, entering man free displays an overview of all variations and descriptions of the results.

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vmstat Command to Report Virtual Memory Statistics

The vmstatcommand is a useful tool that reports virtual memory statistics.

vmstat provides general information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and CPU activity.

The detailed description listed below provides an explanation for each value in case you need assistance in analyzing the results.

Procs
- r: number of processes waiting for run time.
- b: number of processes in uninterruptible sleep.
Memory
- swpd: amount of virtual memory used.
- free: amount of idle memory.
- buff: the amount of memory used as buffers.
- cache: amount of memory used as cache.
Swap
- si: memory swapped in from disk (/s).
- so: memory swapped to disk (/s).
IO
- bi: Blocks received from a block device (blocks/s).
- bo: Blocks sent to a block device (blocks/s).
System
- in: number of interrupts per second, including the clock.
- cs: number of context switches per second.
CPU – These are percentages of total CPU time.
- us: Time spent running non-kernel code. (user time, including nice time)
- sy: Time spent running kernel code. (system time)
- id: Time spent idle. Before Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time.
- wa: Time spent waiting for IO. Before Linux 2.5.41, included in idle.
- st: Time stolen from a virtual machine. Before Linux 2.6.11, unknown.

The top command is useful to check memory and CPU usage per process. It displays information about:

uptime
average load
tasks running
number of users logged in
number of CPUs/CPU utilization
memory/swap system processes

The data is continuously updated, which allows you to follow the processes in real-time.

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Aside from providing you with essential memory information, the top command provides a limited interactive interface. It is possible to manipulate and configure operations by using command-line options.

The man top command provides a comprehensive list of all available variations.

The information the htop command provides is similar to the top command. However, the real advantage to the htop command is its user-friendly environment and improved controls.

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The command uses color for its output, provides full command lines for processes, as well as the option to scroll both vertically and horizontally.

The following output appears:

1. The top segment provides summary information and contains graphic meters and text counters.
2. The lower section structures the detailed data, per process. This allows you to perform actions on individual processes with ease.
3. The shortcuts listed at the bottom of the screen will enable you to manipulate and customize the processes quickly and without the need to type specific commands.

Note: If you run into “Command ‘htop’ not found” message when trying to run the htop command, you will need to install the htop function first: Break da bank free slots.

As an alternative, use the command below:

Using a graph